d -Lysine Catabolic Pathway in Pseudomonas putida: Interrelations with l -Lysine Catabolism

The isolation of several mutant strains blocked in l -lysine degradation has permitted an assessment of the physiological significance of enzymatic reactions related to lysine metabolism in Pseudomonas putida . Additional studies with intact cells involved labeling of metabolic intermediates from radioactive l - or d -lysine, and patterns of enzyme induction in both wild-type and mutant strains. These studies lead to the conclusions that from l -lysine, the obligatory pathway is via δ-aminovaleramide, δ-aminovalerate, glutaric semialdehyde, and glutarate, and that no alternative pathways from l -lysine exist in our strain. A distinct pathway from d -lysine proceeds via Δ 1 -piperideine-2-carboxylate, l -pipecolate, and Δ 1 -piperideine-6-carboxylate (α-aminoadipic semialdehyde). The two pathways are independent in the sense that certain mutants, unable to grow on l -lysine, grow at wild-type rates of d -lysine, utilizing the same intermediates as the wild type, as inferred from labeling studies. This finding implies that lysine racemase in our strain, while detectable in cell extracts, is not physiologically functional in intact cells at a rate that would permit growth of mutants blocked in the l -lysine pathway. Pipecolate oxidase, a d -lysine-related enzyme, is induced by d -lysine and less efficiently by l -lysine. Aminooxyacetate virtually abolishes the inducing activity of l -lysine for this enzyme, suggesting that lysine racemase, although functionally inactive for growth purposes, may still have regulatory significance in permitting cross-induction of d -lysine-related enzymes by l -lysine, and vice versa. This finding suggests a mechanism in bacteria for maintaining regulatory patterns in pathways that may have lost their capacity to support growth. In addition, enzymatic studies are reported which implicate Δ 1 -piperideine-2-carboxylate reductase as an early step in the d -lysine pathway.