Probiotic-derived extracellular vesicles alleviate AFB1-induced intestinal injury by modulating the gut microbiota and AHR activation

Aflatoxin B1 (AFB1) is a mycotoxin that widely found in the environment and mouldy foods. AFB1 initially targets the intestine, and AFB1-induced intestinal injury cannot be ignored. Lactobacillus amylovorus (LA), a predominant species of Lactobacillus, plays a role in carbohydrate metabolism. Extracellular vesicles (EVs), small lipid membrane vesicles, are widely involved in diverse cellular processes. However, the mechanism by which Lactobacillus amylovorus-QC1H-derived EVs (LA.EVs) protect against AFB1-induced intestinal injury remains unclear.