A systematic review of lifestyle-based interventions for managing Alzheimer's disease: Insights from randomized controlled trials

Background Alzheimer's disease (AD) presents a significant challenge in healthcare, prompting exploration into non-pharmacological interventions to complement traditional treatments. Objective This systematic review explores the efficacy of lifestyle-based interventions in managing AD. Methods A comprehensive literature search was conducted in PubMed, Web of Science, and Scopus between 2018 and 2023, selecting randomized controlled trials examining factors such as exercise, diet, stress, and cognitive training in AD patients. Results The review revealed physical exercise as the predominant non-pharmacological intervention, accompanied by dietary modifications, cognitive training, and therapies such as mindfulness and music. While exercise demonstrated improvements in quality of life, its cognitive benefits were limited. Modified diets, such as Atkins and ketogenic, displayed inconsistent effects on cognitive function but influenced other health-related parameters. Additionally, probiotic therapy and novel cognitive training technologies were explored. Conclusions Despite some interventions showing promise in enhancing cognitive function and slowing disease progression, uncertainties remain regarding the dose-response relationship, underlying mechanisms, and potential synergistic effects. Moreover, consideration of genetic and sex-based disparities is warranted. This synthesis underscores the need for further research to elucidate the nuances of non-pharmacological interventions in managing AD effectively. PROSPERO registration number CRD42023432823