Synthesis and Characterization of Lignocellulose-Based Carbon Quantum Dots (CQDs) and Their Antimicrobial and Antioxidant Functionalities

Carbon quantum dots (CQDs) have recently drawn enormous attention due to not only their unique chemical, biological, and optical properties but also because a variety of renewable biomasses are readily utilized as carbon sources in their synthesis. This study investigated the synthesis, characterization, and functional evaluation of CQDs from unbleached mechanical pulp as a natural lignocellulosic resource. The CQDs were synthesized using a one-step hydrothermal synthesis with varying temperature, time, and pulp consistency. The resulting CQDs exhibit a spherical shape with a size distribution of 9.73 ± 0.82 nm and lattice parameters of 0.21 and 0.34 nm, indicating a graphite core. The photoluminescence spectra showed evident fluorescence characteristics, with an emission peak at 435 nm at an excitation wavelength of 370 nm. The as-prepared CQDs were also chemically composed of C=C and C=O bonds linked to the hydroxyl and carboxyl functional groups, which are typically found in lignocellulose-based CQDs. The CQDs demonstrated antibacterial activity exceeding 99.9% against E. coli at the lowest concentration of 0.75 mg/mL. Demonstrating its antioxidation property, the DPPH radical scavenging activity surpassed 90% with more than 40 µg/mL of the CQD solution.