Mass production of robust hydrogel electrolytes for high-performance zinc-ion batteries

transference number of 0.62, as interfacial regulation enables the symmetric cell to achieve 1300 hours of highly stable and reversible zinc plating/stripping. As a preliminary attempt toward mass production, soft-pack batteries assembled using modified hydrogel electrolytes demonstrate robust machinability, with minimal voltage change after being bent and deformed 100 times. This work is expected to pave the way for developing a convenient hydrogel electrolyte for effective and stable zinc-ion batteries.