Fisetin induces apoptosis in colorectal cancer cells by suppressing autophagy and down‐regulating nuclear factor erythroid 2‐related factor 2 (Nrf2)

Abstract Modulation of autophagy is evolving as a relevant strategy in cancer pathogenesis and therapeutic intervention and hence, needs to be examined as a target for the promising anticancer agents. Fisetin, a dietary flavanol, is emerging as a potent anticancer agent, however, its tumour‐specific pharmacological targets remain largely unexplored. This article describes correlative profiles of autophagy and apoptotic markers versus nuclear factor erythroid 2‐related factor 2 (Nrf2) and reactive oxygen species (ROS) in the colorectal cancer (CRC) cell line SW‐480. As compared to the untreated cells, significantly less number of fluorescent detected autophagic vacuoles (AVOs) in the fisetin‐treated cells coincided with a similar decline of the autophagy flux markers, Beclin 1 and microtubule‐associated protein‐1 light chain‐3 and accumulation of p62 in those cells. The significantly increased number of annexin‐V/propidium iodide (+/+) positive and acridine orange/ethidium bromide‐stained apoptotic cells coincided with the enhanced signals for the cleaved caspase 3 and nuclear PARP‐1 in those fisetin‐treated cells. This was consistent with the collapse of mitochondrial membrane potential and release of cytochrome c. The fisetin‐treated cells showed increased ROS level and a significant decline in nuclear Nrf2 immunosignal versus recovery in nuclear Nrf2 due to the treatment with curcumin and resveratrol (Nrf2 activators) and thus, suggesting a role of Nrf2 suppression in fisetin‐mediated apoptosis in SW‐480 cells. The effect of chloroquine, an autophagy inhibitor, resulted into declined number of AVOs and enhanced apoptosis, similar to that of the fisetin effect. Also, regaining of AVOs number and reduced apoptosis of CRC cells due to the treatment with rapamycin, an autophagy inducer, could be observed. These loss and gain of functions experiments thus suggested a correlation between fisetin‐mediated autophagy suppression and apoptotic induction in a colorectal cell line.