Ferric Oxide Nanomaterials and Plant-Rhizobacteria Symbionts Cogenerate Iron Plaque for Removing Highly Chlorinated Contaminants in Dryland Soils

Rhizosphere iron plaques derived from Fe-based nanomaterials (NMs) are a promising tool for sustainable agriculture. However, the requirement for flooded conditions to generate iron plaque limits the scope of the NM application. In this study, we achieved in situ Fenton oxidation of a highly chlorinated persistent organic pollutant (2,2',4,5,5'-pentachlorobiphenyl, PCB101) through iron plaque mediated by the interaction between α-Fe₂O₃ NMs and plant-rhizobacteria symbionts under dryland conditions. Mechanistically, the coexistence of α-Fe₂O₃ NMs and Pseudomonas chlororaphis JD37 stimulated alfalfa roots to secrete acidic and reductive agents as well as H₂O₂, which together mediated the rhizosphere Fenton reaction and converted α-Fe₂O₃ NMs into iron plaque rich in Fe(II)-silicate. Further verifications reproduced the Fenton reaction in vitro using α-Fe₂O₃ NMs and rhizosphere compounds, confirming the critical role of •OH in the oxidative degradation of PCB101. Significant reductions in PCB101 content by 18.6%, 42.9%, and 23.2% were respectively found in stem, leaf, and soil after a 120-d treatment, proving the effectiveness of this NMs-plant-rhizobacteria technique for simultaneously safe crop production and soil remediation. These findings can help expand the potential applications of nanobio interaction and its mediated iron plaque generation for both agricultural practice and soil remediation.