Using easily reproducible twig experiments to quantify curvilinear temperature responses of flowering and leafing times

These findings suggest that studies investigating climate change and phenology should consider using curvilinear rather than linear models, particularly for flowering. Such curvilinear models may suggest alternative scenarios regarding how warming will impact phenology and ecosystem functions. Variable flowering and leaf-out sensitivities can also affect FLS. Researchers should consider using a wider range of temperatures in dormant twig experiments.