Immunopathogenesis of IgG4-related disease in the era of single-cell RNA sequencing and highly multiplex immunofluorescence

Single-cell technologies have revolutionized our understanding of IgG4-RD immunopathogenesis and potentially revealed disease heterogeneity across clinical phenotypes. These insights hold promise for biomarker development and precision therapeutic strategies. Future directions should include spatial transcriptomics and proteomics, improved animal models, and translational efforts to bridge mechanistic discoveries with targeted treatment for this complex multi-organ disease.