Sialin2 Senses Nitrate to Activate Endosomal PI3K-AKT-NOS Signaling

Nitrate functions as a signaling molecule beyond its metabolic intermediate role. Despite progress in plants, the mechanisms underlying mammalian nitrate sensing and signaling remain unclear. The accompanying study identifies Sialin2—a proteolytic fragment of nitrate transporter Sialin—as a mammalian nitrate sensor mediating cellular responses. Here, we demonstrate that nitrate triggers endocytosis, inducing Sialin proteolysis and Sialin2 generation. Nitrate-induced Sialin2 scaffolds Lyn kinase with epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) at endosomes, activating phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase (PI3K)-AKT-nitric oxide synthase (NOS) pathway to stimulate localized nitric oxide (NO) production, enhancing angiogenesis and cell survival. In hypertensive rats, nitrate supplementation restores endothelial function and reduces blood pressure through AKT/eNOS-dependent signaling. Unlike the classical nitrate-nitrite-NO pathway, the Sialin2-PI3K-AKT-NOS axis confines NO synthesis to endosomal microdomains, enabling spatiotemporally precise vasodilation. By establishing Sialin2 as a mammalian nitrate sensor, this study unveils a novel paradigm in nitrogen homeostasis and provides targeted therapeutic strategies for vascular disorders.