Nanocellulose: Structure, modification, biodegradation and applications in agriculture as slow/controlled release fertilizer, superabsorbent, and crop protection: A review

This review investigates the potential of nanocellulose in agriculture, encompassing its structure, synthesis, modification, and applications. Our investigation of the characteristics of nanocellulose includes a comprehensive classification of its structure. Various mechanical, chemical and enzymatic synthesis techniques are evaluated, each offering distinct possibilities. The central role of surface functionalization is thoroughly examined. In particular, we are evaluating the conventional production of nanocellulose, thus contributing to the novelty. This review is a pioneering effort to comprehensively explore the use of nanocellulose in slow and controlled release fertilizers, revolutionizing nutrient management and improving crop productivity with reduced environmental impact. Additionally, our work uniquely integrates diverse applications of nanocellulose in agriculture, ranging from slow-release fertilizers, superabsorbent cellulose hydrogels for drought stress mitigation, and long-lasting crop protection via nanocellulose-based seed coatings. The study ends by identifying challenges and unexplored opportunities in the use of nanocellulose in agriculture. This review makes an innovative contribution by being the first comprehensive study to examine the multiple applications of nanocellulose in agriculture, including slow-release and controlled-release fertilizers.