Advances in skin organoid technology and their applications across biomedical fields: A review

Organoids have revolutionized biomedical research by recapitulating the structural and functional complexity of human tissues. Enabled by advances in cell biology, innovative biomaterials, and three-dimensional (3D) bioprinting technologies, organoids are increasingly being utilized as reliable alternatives to traditional cell culture models and human skin explants. This review presents an overview of the methodologies and culture systems employed in the development of composite skin organoids and single-skin appendage organoids, covering a wide range of technical approaches from directed differentiation of induced pluripotent stem cells to the self-organization of adult stem cells. We also highlight recent progress in organoid generation driven by advanced engineering technologies, such as 3D printing and microfluidic systems. Furthermore, this review evaluates the diverse applications of skin organoids in the fields of developmental biology, disease modeling, regenerative medicine, and clinical translation, while addressing current challenges and future perspectives. By proposing a strategic developmental roadmap, this study aims to provide a translational framework for advancing regenerative dermatology and therapeutic innovation.