Review on sago thermoplastic starch composite films reinforced with nanocellulose

Abstract Recently, many studies have been carried out on developing green composites that are eco-friendly and more sustainable compared to fuel-derived composites. Thermoplastic starch (TPS) is one of the potential biopolymer materials that can be used as food packaging materials, pharmaceuticals and many other applications. Sago ( Metroxylon sagu ) is unlike other starch-based composite such as cassava and corn, which are highly utilized and popular option sources for variety applications in industries. This renewable starch can be a competitive starch source like other starches if rigorous scientific research study is conducted to explore other findings, which might be important for its production and usage in various industries. Research studies related to sago TPS are still lacked, and it is difficult to compare its performance with TPS made from other starches as its preparation differs based on the starch source. The TPS composite generally exhibits low mechanical strength and poor barrier properties. Reinforcing sago TPS nanocomposites with nanocellulose (NC) is expected to enhance its mechanical and barrier properties. This book chapter covers the overview of characteristics and extraction of sago from its pith as well as its usage to make thermoplastic starch composite. The characteristics of sago TPS nanocomposite reinforced with nanocellulose (NC) is also discussed based on a few research studies due to its published research findings are still limited.