Auxiliary physics-informed neural networks for forward, inverse, and coupled radiative transfer problems

In this paper, we develop and employ auxiliary physics-informed neural networks (APINNs) to solve forward, inverse, and coupled integrodifferential problems of radiative transfer theory. Specifically, by focusing on the relevant slab geometry and scattering media described by different types of phase functions, we show how the proposed APINN framework enables the efficient solution of Boltzmann-type transport equations through multi-output neural networks with multiple auxiliary variables associated with the Legendre expansion terms of the considered phase functions. Furthermore, we demonstrate the application of APINN to the coupled radiation-conduction problem of a participating medium and find distinctive temperature profiles beyond the Fourier thermal conduction limit. Finally, we solve the inverse problem for the Schwarzschild–Milne integral equation and retrieve the single scattering albedo based solely on the knowledge of boundary data, similar to what is often available in experimental settings. The present work significantly expands the current capabilities of physics-informed neural networks for radiative transfer problems that are relevant to the design and understanding of complex scattering media and photonic structures with applications to metamaterials, biomedical imaging, thermal transport, and semiconductor device modeling.