Superficial Synthesis of CdS Quantum Dots for an Efficient Perovskite-Sensitized Solar Cell

In this paper, a thorough investigation of cadmium sulfide nanoparticle characteristics has been studied as a result of the wide attention and enormous application in a solar cell. Perovskite-sensitized solar cells (PSSCs) are a favorably effectual and sanitary hybrid, organic–inorganic solar cell device. The simple way uses synthesized cost-effective CdS quantum dots (QDs) via the sol–gel approach and also investigates their structural, electronic, and vibrational properties of CdS nanoparticles with the density functional theory method in B3LYP. Moreover, we use high-resolution transmission electron microscopy (HRTEM) techniques to confirm our calculations and acquire good agreement to the structural analysis of CdS QD formation. The maximum grain diameter is obtained from a HRTEM image, at ∼4 nm. The particle size analyzer that obtained ∼4 nm of CdS QD nanoparticles was determine via a dynamic light scattering study. The results demonstrated that the fabricated CdS QD-based dye-sensitized solar cell and PSSC represented a maximum power conversion efficiency (η) of 0.5 and 1.8% at 1 sun condition. This efficiency was improved by approximately 72%, associated with that of the reference cell.