NADPH Oxidase Inhibition Promotes Brain Resilience by Attenuating Tauopathy and Neuroinflammation in Alzheimer's Disease

Abstract Alzheimer's disease (AD) associates closely associated with the activation of NADPH oxidase (Nox) isozymes. CRB‐2131, a novel oxadiazole derivative, is identified as a potently suppresses Nox isozymes. It inhibits reactive oxygen species production (ROS) by hippocampal neuronal and microglial cells and reduces microglial activation. Prophylactic (starting at 3.5 months of age) and therapeutic (starting at 6 months of age) oral administration with CRB‐2131 for 10 weeks in 5XFAD mice reduced hippocampal superoxide levels, lipid peroxidation, Tau phosphorylation, and neuroinflammation. Prophylactic and therapeutic CRB‐2131 treatment of 5XFAD mice restored their impaired cognition as shown by the novel‐object recognition, Y‐maze, and Morris water‐maze tests. CRB‐2131 treatment increased mature neurons, reduced apoptotic mature neurons, and elevated immature neurons in the hippocampus. Positron‐emission tomography/computed‐tomography imaging confirmed that CRB‐2131 stimulated neuronal regeneration. CRB‐2131 suppresses brain oxidation, tauopathy, and neuroinflammation, thereby preventing mature neuron death and promoting neuron regeneration. Ultimately, this fosters a resilient brain and protects cognition.