Towards sustainable urea electro-oxidation: a thermodynamic and green chemistry evaluation of alternative pathways

and an atom economy of 6.4%. However, practical application is hindered by issues such as low product selectivity and high anodic potentials dictated by the redox thermodynamics of commonly used nickel-based catalysts. These findings underscore the need for next-generation electrocatalysts with enhanced selectivity and lower overpotentials to fully exploit the energetic advantages of urea oxidation for green hydrogen production.