Advanced strategies in organoid/organ-on-a-chip for female reproductive diseases

A comprehensive understanding of the female reproductive system is essential for safeguarding fertility and preventing diseases related to women's health. Organoid/organ-on-a-chip (OOC), as a promising platform, could simulate complex physiological and pathological conditions, has revolutionized our understanding and management of female reproductive health. This technology is anticipated to advance the development of more effective assisted reproductive techniques, treatments and drug screening methods. This review focuses on various organoid/ OOC models designed to mimic the ovary, uterus, mammary gland, and vagina. Then, we introduce the current state of organoid/ OOC in female reproductive health and highlight how these models contribute to the study of female reproductive diseases. Additionally, we discuss the limitations of organoid/ OOC technology as well as its challenges and perspectives. Collectively, we believe that as organoid/ OOC technology continues to evolve, it holds great potential for transforming the diagnosis and treatment of female reproductive disorders, thereby enhancing women's overall health and well-being worldwide.