Goat and cow milk differ in altering the microbiota composition and neurotransmitter levels in insomnia mouse models

experienced a large increase in relative abundance. Additionally, goat milk provided efficient restoration of neurotransmitters including 5-HT, GABA, DA, and NE. Besides that, the expression of genes and proteins for CREB, BDNF, and TrkB in the hypothalamus was up-regulated, and the pathophysiology of the hypothalamus was improved. Overall, the effects of goat and cow milk on insomnia in mouse models differed, and goat milk is preferred over cow milk.