Combinatorial optimization and spatial remodeling of CYPs to control product profile

Activating inert substrates is a challenge in nature and synthetic chemistry, but essential for creating functionally active molecules. In this work, we used a combinatorial optimization approach to assemble cytochrome P450 monooxygenases (CYPs) and reductases (CPRs) to achieve a target product profile. By creating 110 CYP-CPR pairs and iteratively screening different pairing libraries, we demonstrated a framework for establishing a CYP network that catalyzes six oxidation reactions at three different positions of a chemical scaffold. Target product titer was improved by remodeling endoplasmic reticulum (ER) size and spatially controlling the CYPs' configuration on the ER. Out of 47 potential products that could be synthesized, 86% of the products synthesized by the optimized network was our target compound quillaic acid (QA), the aglycone backbone of many pharmaceutically important saponins, and fermentation achieved QA titer 2.23 g/L.