A comprehensive analysis of repurposing abandoned oil wells for different energy uses: Exploration, applications, and repurposing challenges

The rise in abandoned oil wells across the globe poses a serious environmental and public health risk. These wells, which are frequently abandoned by defunct corporations or owing to regulatory gaps, pose substantial risks. They have the potential to leak methane, a potent greenhouse gas, and contaminate groundwater. Researchers estimate that there are between 2 and 3 million abandoned oil and gas wells in the United States. Out of these, over 117,000 wells, spread across 27 states, are classified as “orphaned”, and lack an identifiable party responsible for managing leakage or pollution risks. The escalating number of abandoned oil wells in the United States presents a dual challenge and opportunity in the realm of renewable energy. The global utilization of geothermal energy is on the rise, with approximately 72 countries harnessing this resource for various applications. About 24 of these countries generate electricity using geothermal energy through binary or flash cycle methods. The United States leads in geothermal electricity production, generating approximately 17,917 GWh annually. Global raise in geothermal energy utilization provides presents an opportunity to repurpose abandoned oil wells for geothermal energy production especially in the United States. These wells, often still possessing high temperatures and temperature gradients, can be converted into valuable geothermal resources, thus providing a sustainable energy solution and addressing the environmental hazards posed by the abandoned wells. This paper critically examines the feasibility of repurposing these wells for geothermal energy production, a strategy that offers a promising solution to both environmental hazards and the need for sustainable energy sources. Focusing on the technical, economic, and social dimensions, we present a comprehensive analysis that includes a case study of the Williston Basin in North Dakota, highlighting its potential for geothermal exploitation. Our approach employs Fourier's law of conduction to estimate the temperature at the bottom of selected wells. We address the critical challenges in this endeavor, ranging from ensuring the mechanical integrity of aging wells to navigating the economic and social implications of their repurposing. Our findings suggest that while significant challenges exist, especially in retrofitting old wells for new uses and garnering stakeholder consensus, the conversion of abandoned oil wells into geothermal energy sources is a viable and environmentally beneficial path forward. Finally representing a detailed exploration of their various potential geothermal and various applications This research contributes to the growing body of literature on sustainable energy solutions, offering practical insights and guidelines for future field implementations in the transition from fossil fuels to renewable energy sources.