Engineering built-in electric fields in oxygen-deficient MnO-CeO2@Cs catalysts: enhanced performance and kinetics for the oxygen reduction reaction in aqueous/flexible zinc–air batteries

An oxygen-deficient MnO-CeO 2 @Cs catalyst, due to its high work function and strong built-in electric field, can effectively regulate charge redistribution and adsorption/desorption energies with reaction intermediates, thereby improving ORR activity.