Condensation under Vacuum

When the pressure decreases the condensation temperature also reduces. This effect influences the behaviour of condensation processes under vacuum. Also the presence of inert gases and the composition of the vapour flow have a great impact on the condensation. For the design of condensers the vapour–liquid equilibrium has to be calculated for these various conditions. Some examples for direct-contact condensers and surface condensers and the basics for the calculation of heat transfer and condensation temperature are given. Possibilities to control the condensation process and different layouts for the installation of the condensers, for example the barometric installation, are described, as well as some special types of condensers.