Combined in situ and remote sensing of ionospheric ion outflow

Images of charge‐exchanged neutrals from ion outflow during a period of substorm recovery are supported by auroral oval images and simultaneous in situ ion outflow measurements. From these combined remote sensing and in situ measurements, the ion outflow is shown to consist of ion conics. The energy of these conics likely increases from <10 eV at 0.7 RE to >10 eV above this altitude. These first global images of the instantaneous outflow show that outflow occurs over nearly the entire dayside auroral oval at high latitudes, including the cusp. The broad local time extent of the outflow is observed for ∼2.5 hours. Outflow on the nightside may be weaker than on the dayside and/or may have different energy‐altitude dependence.