Inhibition of Mitochondrial Fission and NOX2 Expression Prevent NLRP3 Inflammasome Activation in the Endothelium: The Role of Corosolic Acid Action in the Amelioration of Endothelial Dysfunction

Aims: Corosolic acid (CRA) is a natural triterpenoid with antioxidative activity. This study was designed to elucidate the mechanism through which CRA protected vessel endothelial homeostasis by combating oxidative stress. Results: In endothelial cells, CRA induced dynamin-related protein 1 (Drp1) phosphorylation at Ser637 and thus inhibited mitochondrial fission in response to oxidative stress. It promoted AMP-activated protein kinase (AMPK) activity in an LKB1-dependent manner, and silencing AMPK abrogated its inhibitory effect on Drp1 activation and mitochondrial fission. CRA inhibited the translocation of p47phox and p67phox and the overexpression of gp91phox induced by palmitate (PA), demonstrating its action in suppression of NOX2 activation. Drp1 knockdown reduced PA-induced gp91phox expression, while Drp1 induction was also diminished by gp91phox knockdown, suggesting the reciprocal relationship between NOX2 and Drp1. Knockdown Drp1 or gp91phox attenuated PA-induced NLRP3 induction and enhanced inhibitory effects of CRA. Oral administration of CRA in high-fat diet mice reproduced similar regulation in the aorta endothelium, further confirming its protection on endothelial homeostasis in vivo. Innovation: This study demonstrated that the defect in mitochondrial morphology is associated with the oxidative stress and NLRP3 inflammasome activation in the endothelium. Drp1 and NOX2 regulated each other and worked together to induce NLRP3 inflammasome activation, suggesting that modulation of Drp1 phosphorylation (Ser637) might be a potential therapeutic target for combating oxidative stress in vessel diseases. Conclusion: CRA prevented mitochondrial fission by regulation of Drp1 phosphorylation (Ser637) in an AMPK-dependent manner, and this action contributed to blocking NOX2 oxidase signaling and suppressing NLRP3 inflammasome activation in the endothelium. Antioxid. Redox Signal. 24, 893–908.