Oral Delivery of Monoclonal Antibodies: Challenges, Emerging Strategies, And Future Perspectives: A Review

Monoclonal antibodies (mAbs) have changed modern medicine by making it possible to treat complicated diseases with specific and selected drugs. But giving these treatments by mouth is still quite hard. In the gastrointestinal tract, they have to deal with acidic pH, digestive enzymes, mucus barriers, and a limited ability to cross the intestinal wall, making them much less stable and less able to be absorbed. This review shows new solutions for these problems, such as liposomes and other nanoparticles as protective nanocarriers, mucoadhesive systems, enteric coatings, enzyme inhibitors, and permeability enhancers. It also shows new ideas like receptor-mediated transport, targeted diseases, and advanced oral delivery systems. New developments in antibody engineering and artificial intelligence are making it possible to make oral formulations that are more stable and selective. Problems that also limit the use of mAbs such as safety, cost, and consistency, but the quick development in this area shows that oral mAbs could one day be an easier option for patients to use compared to injections.