Disparities in the Life Course Origins of Dual Functionality

Although research has identified how stressors are related to either physical or cognitive function in later life, we bridge these literatures by examining dual functionality (neither physical nor cognitive impairment) among Black, White, and Hispanic adults. Using data from the Health and Retirement Study (2006–2016), we investigated whether stressors and resources during childhood and adulthood are related to functional loss at baseline and longitudinally. Analyses revealed that lifetime trauma was associated with dual functionality impairment at baseline, but childhood stressors and everyday discrimination were prospectively associated with loss of dual functionality. Black and foreign-born Hispanic adults experienced earlier loss of dual functionality than White adults, and the effect of childhood stressors on the transition to impairment occurred earlier for U.S.-born Hispanic adults. Findings reveal the influence of exposures in childhood and adulthood on functional health in later life—and how resources may be a counterbalance to functional loss.