Operando Electrical Transport Spectroscopy Determination of Hydration Phase Diagrams of Alkali Metal Cations in Nanoconfined Spaces

, in contrast, maintains only the primary hydration shell throughout the entire phase diagram. These phase diagrams elucidate the intricate interplay among cation size, concentration, and electrochemical potential in governing solvation status, offering a foundational framework for the rational design of advanced materials and interfaces in electrochemical devices.