Experimental and numerical analysis of the influence of intramedullary nail position on the cut-out phenomenon

Proximal femur fractures, colloquially known as hip fractures, are a common pathology with increasing incidence in the last years due to the enhanced ageing population. Regarding the extracapsular fracture, the treatment for this pathology consists of a fixation of the fragments using an osteosynthesis device, mainly the intramedullary nail. This repairing method implies several complications, which may include the failure of the fixation device, frequently occurring due to the “cut-out” mechanism. The present work focuses on the study of how the position of the cephalic screw, which should be fixed during surgery, affects the cut-out risk. Through experimental tests and numerical models some variables that can be critical for the cut-out phenomenon are analysed. This study has been carried out through a numerical model based on the finite element method and experimental tests. The digital image correlation technique has been used in experimental tests to measure displacements on the femoral surface with the objective of numerical model validation. Some basic daily activities with different intramedullary nail positions have been analysed through the numerical model, considering variables that can induce the cut-out complication. The results show how the intramedullary nail position clearly influences the cut-out risk, showing that displacements in the upper, anterior and posterior direction increase the cut-out risk, while displacement in the lower direction endangers the intramedullary nail itself. Thus, the centred position is the one which reduces the cut-out risk. This work supposes an improvement in the knowledge of the cut-out phenomenon thanks to the combination of experimental testing and validated numerical models. The effects of different intramedullary nail positions in the femoral head are studied, including a novelty variable as torque, which is critical for the structural integrity of the fixation. The main conclusion of the work is the determination of the central intramedullary nail position as the most favourable one for decreasing the cut-out risk.