Glucose‐dependent insulinotropic polypeptide and glucagon‐like peptide‐1 secretion in humans: Characteristics and regulation

AIMS/INTRODUCTION: Glucose-dependent insulinotropic polypeptide (GIP) and glucagon-like peptide-1 (GLP-1) are important incretin hormones. They are released from the gut after meal ingestion and potentiate glucose-stimulated insulin secretion. Their release after meal ingestion and oral glucose are well established and have been characterized previously. During recent years, knowledge of other regulatory aspects that potentially may affect GIP and GLP-1 secretion after meal ingestion have also begun to emerge. Here, the results of human studies on these novel aspects of meal- and nutrient-stimulated incretin hormone secretion are reviewed. MATERIALS AND METHODS: The human literature was revisited by identifying articles in PubMed using key words GIP, GLP-1, secretion, meal, and nutrients. RESULTS: The results show that all macronutrients individually stimulate GIP and GLP-1 secretion. However, there was no synergistic action when given in combination. A pre-load 30 min before a meal augments the GIP and GLP-1 response. GIP and GLP-1 secretion have a diurnal variation with a higher response to an identical meal in the morning than in the afternoon. There is no difference in GIP and GLP-1 secretion whether a meal is ingested slowly or rapidly. GIP and GLP-1 secretion after dinner are the same whether or not breakfast and lunch have been ingested. The temperature of the food may be of importance for the incretin hormone response. CONCLUSIONS: These novel findings have increased our knowledge on the regulation of the complexity of the incretin system and are also important knowledge when designing future studies.