Bisphenol S drives breast cancer metastasis by inhibiting dopamine receptor D2 to activate the Akt/GSK3β oncogenic axis

BPS exposure reduces DRD2 levels, activating Akt/GSK3β signaling to drive BC metastasis. These findings highlight the risk of BPS as a BPA alternative and unravel mechanistic insights into the role of environmental endocrine disruptors in cancer progression.