Brain Oscillations in Bipolar Disorder: Insights from Quantitative EEG Studies

Introduction Quantitative electroencephalography (QEEG) is a neurophysiological tool that analyzes brain oscillations across frequency bands, providing insights into psychiatric conditions like bipolar disorder (BD). This disorder, marked by mood fluctuations, poses diagnostic and treatment challenges, highlighting the need for reliable biomarkers. Objective This systematic review aims to evaluate QEEG changes in BD patients, investigate its diagnostic and therapeutic potential, and differentiate BD from major depressive disorder (MDD) and schizophrenia. Methods Following PRISMA 2020 guidelines, a comprehensive search of PubMed, Scopus, Web of Science, and Embase was conducted till 30th of October 2024 without timeline restrictions. Studies involving BD patients assessed using QEEG were included. Key outcomes focused on frequency band alterations, treatment responses, and diagnostic differentiation. Results The review included 20 studies with 475 BD patients. Increased gamma and beta activity were consistently observed in BD. However, the directionality of alpha and theta band changes varied, with differences observed depending on brain region and mood state. Delta band alterations were more prominent in BD I. Treatment responses showed reduced power in gamma, theta, and alpha bands. QEEG also distinguished BD from MDD and schizophrenia based on frequency band characteristics. Conclusion QEEG demonstrates significant promise as a diagnostic and therapeutic tool for BD. Despite methodological variability, its integration with machine learning could enhance diagnostic precision and guide personalized treatments. Further research is needed to standardize methodologies and validate findings.