Tipping Points of Amazonian Forests: Beyond Myths and Toward Solutions

亚马逊河 神话学 地理 森林砍伐(计算机科学) 环境资源管理 环境规划 亚马逊雨林 生态学 环境科学 历史 计算机科学 生物 程序设计语言 经典
作者
Paulo Brando,Jos Barlow,Márcia N. Macedo,Divino Vicente Silvério,Joice Ferreira,Leandro Maracahipes,Liana O. Anderson,Douglas C. Morton,Ane Alencar,Lucas N. Paolucci,Sarah Jacobs,Hannah Stouter,J. T. Randerson,Bernardo M. Flores,Bela Starinchak,Michael T. Coe,Mathias M. Pires,Ludmila Rattis,Dolors Armenteras,Paulo Artaxo
出处
期刊:Annual Review of Environment and Resources [Annual Reviews]
标识
DOI:10.1146/annurev-environ-111522-112804
摘要

Amazon forests are undergoing rapid transformations driven by deforestation, climate change, fire, and other anthropogenic pressures, leading to the hypothesis that they may be nearing a catastrophic tipping point—beyond which ecosystems could shift to a permanently altered state. This review revisits the concept of an Amazon tipping point and assesses the risk of forest collapse from an ecological perspective. We synthesize evidence showing that environmental stressors can drive critical ecosystem transitions, either gradually through incremental loss of resilience or abruptly via synergistic feedbacks. The interplay between climate and land-use change amplifies risks to biodiversity, ecosystem services, and livelihoods. Yet, there is limited evidence for a single, system-wide tipping point. Instead, the Amazon's resilience—although not unlimited—offers meaningful pathways for recovery. The most immediate and effective strategies to support this resilience include slowing forest loss, mitigating climate change, reducing fire activity, curbing defaunation, and restoring degraded ecosystems. Without decisive action to address direct threats, the Amazon system may be pushed beyond safe ecological-climatological operating limits—even in the absence of sharply defined thresholds—due to the scale and persistence of anthropogenic pressures. Preserving the Amazon's ecological integrity and its vital role in regulating the global climate requires urgent, sustained conservation efforts in collaboration with local and Indigenous communities.
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