Fine particulate matter contributes to the development of atherosclerosis via miR-3529–3p encapsulated in extracellular vesicles

primes macrophages to release EVs carrying miR-3529-3p, thereby promoting endothelial ferroptosis and the progression of atherosclerosis. This study offers critical insights into the involvement of EVs in pollutant-related cardiovascular pathogenesis and identifies FTH1 as a promising therapeutic target.