Exploring radiation-induced fibrosis: biological mechanisms and new frontiers in research and therapeutics

Radiation-induced fibrosis continues to affect a considerable number of patients due to the chronic nature of the fibrotic processes, driven by sustained fibroblast activation, ECM accumulation, and inflammatory responses. Newly developed approaches, such as stem cell-based therapies, TGF-β inhibitors, and molecular interventions aimed at ECM regulation, offer promising avenues for mitigating or reversing RIF. Additionally, integrating computational models into clinical practice could enhance personalized treatment planning, enabling better prediction and prevention of RIF in patients. Addressing these challenges is critical for improving the quality of life of patients affected by RIF and improving their outcomes, particularly with the growing population of long-term cancer survivors in the world.