Advances in bioelectronics for neural interfacing

Abstract Neural interface technologies hold great promise for enabling long-term communication with neural circuits at high spatiotemporal resolution. However, conventional implantable interfaces—such as rigid silicon microelectrode arrays (MEAs) and microwires—often suffer from mechanical mismatch with neural tissue and signal degradation due to chronic inflammation. Recent advances in bioelectronics aim to overcome these limitations. High-density neural probes now allow simultaneous recordings from thousands of neurons, while flexible and stretchable electronic devices are engineered to seamlessly integrate with soft tissue with minimal foreign-body response. In parallel, three-dimensional (3D) neural interfaces have been developed to interface with brain organoids and other complex neural tissues, enabling the interrogation of network activity within 3D microenvironments. Multifunctional platforms that combine electrical recording with other modalities, such as optical stimulation and chemical sensing, provide a more comprehensive understanding of neural circuit dynamics. Moreover, emerging living bioelectronic interfaces that incorporate biological components promise improved tissue integration and potential for neural regeneration. Here, we highlight how these innovations are expanding the capabilities of neural interfacing systems and discuss future directions for advancing bioelectronic neural interfaces. Graphic Abstract