Investigating thermal dynamics in cylindrical Li-ion batteries across varied temperatures based on electrochemical principles

Abstract Thermal dynamics in cylindrical Li-ion batteries, governed by electrochemical heat generation, are critical to performance and safety in high-power applications such as electric vehicles and grid storage. Building on our previous work, which introduced and validated both single-layer and multi-layer models, this study focuses exclusively on experimentally validating the multi-layer formulation under a broader range of ambient temperatures. The proposed multi-layer model captures temperature evolution across all internal components, including the electrolyte, electrodes, current collectors, and casing, accurately resolving spatial heat accumulation. Experimental validation is conducted across four temperatures (21 $$^{\circ }$$ C, 0 $$^{\circ }$$ C, 40 $$^{\circ }$$ C, and − 10 $$^{\circ }$$ C), demonstrating strong agreement and highlighting the model’s robustness. These results offer actionable insights into internal thermal behavior and may support the design of advanced thermal management strategies, contributing to the development of safer and more efficient Li-ion batteries for next-generation energy storage systems.