Bio-augmented permeable reactive barriers for groundwater remediation: A comprehensive review

Groundwater is an important component of water resources. Mixed contaminants comprising heavy metals and organic contaminants from industrial activities can contaminate groundwater, which pose direct threats to human health through the food chain or drinking water. Bio-augment permeable reactive barriers (Bio-PRB) remove contaminants through degradation, adsorption, precipitation, REDOX and other processes. This study provides original insights into the various active media and microbial carriers and the mechanisms of interaction among microorganisms, active media, and various contaminants. In addition, the possible solutions for prolonging the long-term performance as well as in addressing blockages of Bio-PRB are shown. Moreover, the presents insights into these methods are summarized. Finally, insights and outlooks were presented for Bio-PRB for complex groundwater contaminants. This review is expected to provide technical guidance and assistance for Bio-PRB of complex contaminated groundwater.