Harnessing photovoltaic innovation: Advancements, challenges, and strategic pathways for sustainable global development

This systematic review provides a critical synthesis of advancements and unresolved challenges in solar photovoltaic (PV) technology within the context of global sustainability imperatives. Motivated by the pressing need to decarbonize energy systems and address the limitations of fossil fuel dependence, the study systematically examines state-of-the-art developments in PV cell efficiency, material innovations, and energy storage integration. A structured methodology was employed, encompassing a literature search of peer-reviewed articles and technical reports published between 2020 and 2025, using defined inclusion criteria across Scopus, Web of Science, and IEEE Xplore databases. Emphasis is placed on real-world performance gaps relative to laboratory-scale efficiencies, lifecycle environmental impacts of PV manufacturing and disposal, and critical supply chain vulnerabilities related to rare earth and semiconductor materials. The analysis also evaluates socio-technical dimensions such as grid integration, community resistance to utility-scale projects, and regional policy frameworks. Findings highlight that while technological innovation continues to drive cost reductions and scalability, systemic barriers, especially in energy storage, recycling, and infrastructure compatibility, must be addressed through coordinated policy, investment, and research initiatives. The review concludes with identified research gaps and forward-looking strategies for enhancing PV deployment under the United Nations Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs), with particular focus on energy equity, climate resilience, and circular economy principles.