Nano-oncology revisited: Insights on precise therapeutic advances and challenges in tumor

The integration of nanotechnology with cancer therapy has revolutionized traditional diagnostic and treatment methods, giving rise to the new interdisciplinary field of nano-oncology. With advancements in scientific research and ongoing technological innovations, nano-oncology is expected to play an increasingly critical role in future cancer therapies. However, the clinical translation of nanomedicines still faces several challenges, including the interaction of nanoparticles with biological systems, effective accumulation at tumor sites, and the precise fabrication of therapeutic agents. This review focuses on the challenges and future directions in nano-oncology research, with a specific emphasis on multi-stage targeting strategies and the application of artificial intelligence. The aim is to provide insights into the development of individualized nanomedicine approaches and contribute to advancing the field of nano-oncology.