Tuning of Metal–Organic Frameworks by Pre‐ and Post‐synthetic Functionalization for Catalysis and Separations

This chapter discusses the broad use of functionalized metal–organic frameworks for catalysis and separations. Functionalization here refers to the addition of chemical functionality by the inclusion of some nonstructural group to the framework. Functionalization methods and types are detailed, as well as the specific limitations and advantages of each functionalization for catalytic or separation applications. The sections are broken down into either pre-synthetic or post-synthetic functionalizations, with post-synthetic methods further broken down into various categories. These secondary categories include physical impregnation of functional groups, covalent attachment, in situ reactions, solvent-assisted linker exchange, and metal site replacement/addition. This section acts as a primer on these functionalization methods, which have generated a vast literature of their own in recent years.