Development of ascorbyl palmitate-loaded nanostructured lipid carriers (NLCs) to increase the stability of Camelina oil

In this study, ascorbyl palmitate (AP) incorporated in nanostructured lipid carriers (NLCs-AP) was fabricated using the hot-homogenization method. The amounts of AP, Tween 80, glyceryl stearate, and oleic acid were optimized by Box-Behnken Design (BBD) to obtain a high percentage of encapsulation efficiency and loading efficiency. Then, the optimum NLCs-AP, free-AP with rosemary essential oil (REO), NLCs-AP with REO, and tert-Butylhydroquinone (TBHQ) at a concentration of 75 ppm were added to camelina oil. Then peroxide value (PV), anisidine value (AV), TOTOX value (TV), oxidative stability using Rancimat, total phenol content (TPC), and antioxidant activity in camelina oil samples were evaluated during 90 days of storage at the ambient temperature. The optimum NLCs-AP had a particle size of 133.4 nm and a PDI of 0.29. The transmission electron microscopy (TEM) showed a spherical and smooth surface of the optimum NLCs-AP. The results of differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) and Fourier transfer spectroscopy infrared (FTIR) analyses implied that there was no interaction between AP and NLCs. The Korsmeyer-Peppas model was the best model for the evaluation of the release kinetics. The amounts of PV, AV, and TV of camelina oil containing the optimum NLCs-AP were slightly higher than the oil containing TBHQ. The highest oxidative protection, TPC, and antioxidant activity percentage were achieved in camelina oil containing NLCs-AP with REO. Conclusively, the optimum NLCs-AP had excellent potential for encapsulation of AP, and the mixture of REO and NLCs-AP could be applied for giving suitable oxidative stability in camelina oil.