Dynamics of single-nuclei transcriptomic profiling of adipose tissue from diverse anatomical locations during mouse aging process

Abstract Adipose tissue plays critical roles in an individual’s aging process. In this research, we use single-nucleus RNA sequencing to create highly detailed transcriptional maps of subcutaneous adipose tissue and visceral adipose tissue in young and aged mice. We comprehensively identify the various cell types within the white adipose tissue of mice, our study has elucidated seven distinct cell types within this tissue. Further analyses focus on adipocytes, fibro-adipogenic progenitors, and immune cells, revealing age-related declines in the synthetic metabolic activity of adipocytes, diminished immune regulation, and reduced maturation or proliferation of fibroblasts in undifferentiated adipocytes. We confirm the presence of distinct subpopulations of adipocytes, highlighting decreases in adipogenesis subgroups due to aging. Additionally, we uncover a reduction in immune cell subpopulations, driven by age-associated immune system dysregulation. Furthermore, pseudo-time analyses indicate that Adipocyte1 represents the 'nascent' phase of adipocyte development, while Adipocyte2 represents the 'mature' phase. We use cell–cell interaction to explore the age-dependent complexities of the interactions between FAPs and adipocytes, and observed increased expression of the inflammation-related Retn-Tlr4 interaction in older mice, while the anti-inflammatory Angpt1-Tek interaction was only detected in young mice. These transcriptional profiles serve as a valuable resource for understanding the functional genomics underlying metabolic disorders associated with aging in human adipose tissue.