A comprehensive review on using injectable chitosan microgels for osteochondral tissue repair

forming the shape and minimally invasive clinical applications. Hydrogels as bioinks can restore damaged tissues to their primary shape. Chitosan is a polysaccharide derived from chitin with abundant usage in tissue engineering. This review highlights the use of chitosan as an injectable hydrogel for osteochondral defects. Several studies focused on encapsulating mesenchymal stem cells within chitosan hydrogels have been categorized and incorporating microfluidic devices has been identified in the forefront to form microgels. Additionally, the printability is another convenience of chitosan for using in 3D printing for cartilage tissue engineering which is described in this review.