Multivariate roles of litter traits on moisture and flammability of temperate northeastern North American tree species

Abstract Background Tree litter is the primary fuel affecting surface fire behavior in most fire-prone forest and woodland ecosystems in northeastern North America. Fire exclusion and land use changes have dramatically altered fire regimes in many of these ecosystems, shifting toward species that reinforce the continued diminution of fire. Comparative litter flammability studies provide a useful approach to identify the corresponding leaf and litter bed traits that drive the positive feedback termed “mesophication” in these ecosystems. Results In this study, we measured laboratory flammability and moisture characteristics of leaf litter from 17 common tree species in temperate forests of northeastern North America. Principal components analysis of flammability and moisture data resulted in species separating along a pyrophyte-to-mesophyte gradient. Pyrophytic Quercus litter was the most flammable of all species, and Pinus litter dried the most rapidly and flamed for the longest duration. The remaining mesophytic species grouped into either a high moisture retention-poor burning cluster ( Acer rubrum , Betula alleghaniensis , Nyssa sylvatica , Carya glabra , C. tomentosa ) or an intermediate flammability cluster ( Acer saccharum , C. ovata , Tilia americana ). Several litter traits were associated with multivariate factors. Leaf length, density, curling, surface area-to-volume, and litter bed bulk density were associated with the factor comprising saturation moisture content, flaming time, and consumption. Specific leaf area was related to moisture time-lag and flame height. Litter bed packing ratio was most related to smoldering duration. Conclusions Interspecific variability in leaf and litter bed traits explained substantial differences in moisture dynamics and flammability among the species examined. These findings extend our understanding of litter traits’ influence on the combustion environment and affirm the potential effects of pyrophytic and mesophytic tree species on contemporary fire regimes in northeastern North American forests.