Targeting glial cells: Unveiling the neuroprotective mechanisms of Ginseng in the brain microenvironment

The burden imposed by central nervous system disorders (CNSD) on global health is substantial, characterized by a significant impact on quality of life, increased mortality rates, and escalating economic costs. Glial cells, primarily comprising astrocytes, microglia, oligodendrocytes, and oligodendrocyte precursor cells (OPCs, also known as NG2 cells), play crucial and diverse roles in neurological health and disease. In the treatment of CNSD with traditional herbal medicines, ginseng and its active components have made a notable impression. This comprehensive review investigates the interaction between ginseng and these essential glial cells, detailing their contributions to neurological well-being and disease states. Additionally, it thoroughly assesses the effects of ginseng on glial function, highlighting its neuroprotective potential through anti-inflammatory, antioxidative, and other restorative actions via complex molecular pathways. Moreover, the review analyzes how ginseng can facilitate neuronal viability and regeneration, as well as modulate signaling cascades, thereby highlighting the therapeutic potential of ginseng in the management of CNSD. This review synthesizes current evidence on the neuroprotective effects of ginseng and its bioactive components by targeting glial cells to mitigate neuroinflammation, oxidative stress, and neuronal damage.