Application of carbon quantum dots in smart polymer films for biomedical diagnostics

optical or electrochemical mechanisms, which significantly broadens their biomedical applications. This review article discusses the mechanisms of CQDs integration with polymer matrices, such as chemical and physical immobilization, crosslinking, and the formation of layered composites. Special attention is given to conductive polymers, hydrogels, and biodegradable polymers that serve structural, sensory, and protective functions. Current applications of such materials are presented, including smart wound dressings, microneedle devices, and wearable devices such as smartbands. The mechanisms of biomarker detection and electrical conduction in CQD-based systems are also characterized, and technological challenges such as selectivity, integration with electronics, and power supply are analyzed. The article also outlines future development directions for these technologies, considering energy autonomy, biodegradability, sensor personalization, and data management. The aim of the work is to provide a comprehensive analysis of the current state of knowledge in the design of functional polymer-CQDs composite materials for applications in modern skin-integrated bioelectronics for medical diagnostics.