Overview of modern sensors for continuous glucose monitoring

The incidence of diabetes is increasing in all age groups. The use of technological devices for the treatment of diabetes, such as continuous glucose monitoring (CGM), is expanding and is associated with improved control of blood glucose levels in order to prevent complications of this disease. Reducing glycemic variability and maintaining optimal glycemic control is critical to the management of patients with type 1 diabetes. The usefulness of glycemic monitoring devices has also been shown for patients with type 2 diabetes. CGM technology is constantly being improved in terms of analytical performance, biocompatibility, wear duration, safety and clinical performance. However, commonly used minimally invasive CGMs do not measure blood glucose directly, but instead measure the glucose concentration in the interstitial fluid (IF), so changes in IF glucose occur with a delay of 5 to 15 minutes compared to blood glucose. In addition, the lifetime of minimally invasive CGM sensors is relatively short, up to 14 days. Therefore, the introduction into clinical practice of devices for non-invasive glucose measurement in people with diabetes, which overcome the above-mentioned limitations of minimally invasive CGM, will expand the possibilities of glucose monitoring among patients with diabetes. The purpose of this review was to present the technologies of CGM system sensors approved for medical use in Russia and other countries.