Coats’ Disease: A Comprehensive Review of Its Pathophysiology, Diagnosis, and Advances in Treatment

Background and Purpose Coats' disease, first described by George Coats in 1908, is a rare ocular disorder primarily affecting young males, often unilaterally. It is characterized by retinal telangiectasia, aneurysms, and exudation, which, in severe cases, can lead to blindness, painful red eye, or ocular atrophy, particularly with early childhood onset. Over the last century, advancements have been made in understanding its natural history, morphology, incidence, and clinical manifestations, showing a male predominance without significant ethnic disparities. This review aims to provide a comprehensive overview of Coats' disease, focusing on its pathogenesis, clinical presentation, diagnostic methods, and management strategies.