Optimization of Bi3+ in Upconversion Nanoparticles Induced Simultaneous Enhancement of Near-Infrared Optical and X-ray Computed Tomography Imaging Capability

Bioimaging probes have been extensive studied for many years, while it is still a challenge to further improve the image quality for precise diagnosis in clinical medicine. Here, monodisperse NaGdF4:Yb3+,Tm3+,x% Bi3+ (abbreviated as GYT-x% Bi3+, x = 0, 5, 10, 15, 20, 25, 30) upconversion nanoparticles (UCNPs) have been prepared through the solvothermal method. The near-infrared upconversion emission intensity of GYT-25% Bi3+ has been enhanced remarkably than that of NaGdF4:Yb3+,Tm3+ (GYT) with a factor of ∼60. Especially, the near-infrared upconversion emission band centered at 802 nm is 150 times stronger than the blue emission band of GYT-25% Bi3+ UCNPs. Such high ratio of NIR/blue UCL intensity could reduce the damage to tissues in the bioimaging process. The possibility of using GYT-25% Bi3+ UCNPs with strong near-infrared upconversion emission for optical imaging in vitro and in vivo was performed. Encouragingly, the UCL imaging penetration depth can be achieved as deep as 20 mm. Importantly, GYT-25% Bi3+ UCNPs exhibit a much higher X-ray computed tomography (CT) contrast efficiency than GYT and iodine-based contrast agent under the same clinical conditions, due to the high X-ray attenuation coefficient of bismuth. Hence, simultaneous remarkable enhancement of NIR emission and X-ray CT signal in upconversion nanoparticles could be achieved by optimizing the doping concentration of Bi3+ ions. Additionally, Gd3+ ions in the UCNPs endow GYT-25% Bi3+ UCNPs with T1-weighted magnetic resonance (MR) imaging capability.